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Objective To explore the effect of N, P, and K fertilizers on the growth of Chrysanthemum indicum and accumulation of active components. Methods This research used different levels and ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium through orthogonal experiment; The flower of C. indicum traits were observed in the harvest period; The content of the dried flower active ingredient was measured using HPLC. Results The result showed the noticeable differences among the 14 groups in the number of capitulum, the diameter of capitulum and tubiform floret, yield per plant, total flavonoid content and linarin content as well as fertilizer efficiency of different mineral elements. Appropriate increase of N, K concentration and low P concentration was beneficial to the growth and development of C. indicum and the output of dried flowers. Low concentration of N, P, K promoted the cotent of linarin and total flavonoids; The content of linarin treated with different combination all accorded with the standard of Chinese Phamaeopoeia. Conclusion Compared comprehensively, it was concluded that the optimal proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the growth of chrysanthemum inflorescence15:0.1:3. Flavonoid and linarin content reached the highest point without fertilization.
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Objective To study chemical constituents from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum. Methods The chemical constituents of C. indicum were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, including thin-layer chromatography, silica gel, ODS reversed-phase silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 for column chromatography, and their structures were identified by NMR spectral analysis. Results Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified as stigmata-4-ene-3-one (1), calenduladiol-3β-O- palmitate (2), 16β,22α-dihydroxypseudotaraxasterol-3β-O-palmitate (3), α-amyrin (4), urs-12-ene-3β,16β-diol (5), 3β-hydroxyurs- 12-ene-11-one (6), arnidiol (7), maniladiol (8), 3β-hydroxyolean-12-ene-11-one (9), luteolin (10), apigenin (11), apigenin-7,4’- dimethyl ether (12), genkwanin (13), and 1-linoleic acid glycerate (14). Conclusion Compounds 1-6, 10-12, and 14 are isolated from the flowers of C. indicum for the first time.
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Chrysanthemum indicum, with excellent pharmaceutical prospects, widely distributes in China. At present, the study found that the main chemical constituents of C. indicum include flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. The infrared spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, related molecular biological technology, and other modern analysis technology are widely used in the quality evaluation on C. indicum. In this paper, the research progress in the chemical constituents and quality evaluation of C. indicum is reviewed, providing the scientific basis for its further development and utilization.
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Objective: To study three different extraction processes of the content of total flavonoids in Chrysanthemum indicum and their anti-oxidant activities. Methods: The reflux, ultrasonic, and tissue-breaking methods were used for extracting the total flavonoids from C. indicum, which were determined by UV spectrophotometry, and the anti-oxidant activity was determined by flow injection chemiluminescence. Results: The contents of total flavonoids obtained using various methods, such as reflux, ultrasonic, and tissue- breaking, were 12.60, 11.02, and 10.95 mg/g, and their IC50 were 2.67, 3.43, and 5.13 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The research indicates that the reflux extraction method is applied to isolatting the total flavonoids from C. indicum, with the advantage of high extraction efficiency, and the total flavoniods show the strong anti-oxidant activity.
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Objective: To analyze the contents of linarin and chlorogenic acid in different parts such as flowers, leaves, young stems, and old stems of Chrysanthemum indicum. To provide the theoretical basis and analysis method for the quality evaluation of different parts of C. indicum. Methods: Thermo C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid solution in the gradient elution by HPLC-DAD. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, the column temperature was set at 30°C, and the detective wavelength was 327 nm. Results: The linear response of linarin ranged from 0.15 to 3.00 μg (r=0.9990), and that for chlorogenic acid was from 0.01 to 0.20 μg (r=0.9995), the average recovery was 98.17% and 97.99%, respectively. The content of linarin from the leaves was higher, the content of chlorogenic acid from the flowers was higher, and the content of each component in the stems was the lowest. Conclusion: The method is convenient, and the result is accurate and can be used for the quality control of different parts of C. indicum. The results of content determination indicate that there are linarin and chlorogenic acid in all different parts of C. indicum, but the mass fractions were obviously different.